confounding factors,
![confounding factors, 【预订】confounding factors in phylogenetic]()
【预订】confounding factors in phylogenetic

demonstrating how potential confounding and mediating factors
![confounding factors, 【中商海外直订】320 confounding "sudoku" puzzles with s.]()
【中商海外直订】320 confounding "sudoku" puzzles with s.

偏差bias与混淆confounding

response being studied controlled (confounding): other factors